≥98%

Store at -20℃ for one year（Powder）；Store at 2-4℃ for two weeks；Store at -20℃ for six months after dissolution.

3-硝基丙酸; 3-Nitropropanoic acid；β-Nitropropionic acid

white to light yellow powder

DMSO : 125 mg/mL (1049.71 mM; Need ultrasonic)
H2O : 100 mg/mL (839.77 mM; Need ultrasonic)

Succinate dehydrogenase

3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is an irreversible inhibitor of complex II in the mitochondria. It impairs cellular energy metabolism via inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, which induces a reduction in ATP production and leads to oxidative stress. 3-NPA can cause the generation and release of ROS from mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA damage, and thus loss of mitochondrial function. 3-NPA reduces the number of large follicles, impairs oocyte development, and increases the percentage of atretic large follicles and ROS levels in oocytes and granulosa cells. ROS production followed by mitochondrial DNA damage is the primary event in 3-NPA toxicity, and Bcl-2 protects PC12 cells from 3-NPA toxicity by preventing mitochondrial DNA damage.

3-NPA induces granulosa cell apoptosis, large follicle atresia, and an increase of ROS levels in the ovary.